Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research report - Essay Example Before the split up, the whole focal Asian district fell under organization of Moscow. Moscow’s organization had organized systems intended to guarantee impartial circulation of water and vitality assets inside the locale (Murodbek 261). In any case, freedom from Soviet Union introduced uncommon difficulties to the countries viable. Fundamental waterways providing local and agrarian water to the five countries begin from mountain extends inside Tajikistan and the neighboring Kyrgyzstan, and afterward streams downstream through the other staying three countries lastly depletes into Aral Sea. From a balanced point of view, the two countries inside the upstream locale ought to guarantee undisrupted stream of water to countries lying on the downstream district. Then again, downstream countries are wealthy in oil and gas vitality sources. This implies they will restore the undisrupted water flexibly favor by siphoning oil and gas to Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Murodbek 261). This ar rangement worked effectively under the Soviet Union organization before severance of Central Asian sovereign domains. Notwithstanding the way that this asset sharing methodology sounds basic and consistent, current situation between the countries included doesn't adjust to this system. Thusly, absence of conformance to fair sharing of assets has prompted specialized hitches inside financial, social and political connections between countries in the whole locale. As an illustrative model, age of hydro-electric force by countries in the upstream area like Tajikistan as met passionate objection from downstream partners (Murodbek 263). At this crossroads, this paper will build up a complete investigation on circumstances and end results of the water-vitality emergency. What's more, an extrapolation of the subject will look at presence of comparative issues in different countries around the world. Countries existing in the upstream segment of Central Asia, particularly Tajikistan takes p art in escalated rural exercises as their primary financial exercises. In the ongoing past, need to grow the nation’s financial division prompted extension of agribusiness through water system. Therefore, Tajikistan occupied huge volumes of water from the two fundamental streams serving the area into the flooded tracks of land. This expanded gracefully of water to ranches was not going to be occasional. The enormous tracks of land exist in a parched and semi-desert areas of the country. This implies water system requires supported measure of water flexibly to satisfy agrarian creation needs. For this situation, broad water system of cotton and wheat ranches stayed as the focal monetary movement in the lower some portion of Tajikistan (Murodbek 263). Likewise, different countries including Kazakhstan tapped waterway water sincerely busy streaming channels passed on them straightforwardly to their homesteads. In such manner, each country attempted to grow its horticultural part by using the main accessible water from the two fundamental stream channels. Thus, this caused an articulated lack of all out water streaming down stream. This implies financial and social exercises of individuals living inside the influenced countries would encounter challenges (Murodbek 265). At this crossroads, extension of water system took care of horticulture highlighted as one of the primary driver in the water-vitality emergency in Central Asian area. Aside from water system, vitality age through hydro-power assumed a noteworthy job in causing the water-vitality

Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)

Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Emerald debris borer (EAB), a local insect of Asia, attacked North America during the 1990s by method of wooden pressing material. In a decades time, these vermin killed countless trees all through the Great Lakes locale. Become acquainted with this irritation, so you can sound the alert on the off chance that it advances toward your neck o the forested areas. Portrayal: The grown-up emerald debris borer is a striking metallic green, with a luminous purple mid-region covered up underneath the forewings. This stretch bug comes to around 15 mm long and a little more than 3 mm in width. Search for grown-ups from June to August, when they fly looking for mates. Velvety white hatchlings arrive at lengths of 32 mm at development. The prothorax almost clouds its modest, earthy colored head. EAB pupae likewise seem smooth white. The eggs are white from the start, however turn dark red as they create. To distinguish emerald debris borer, you ought to figure out how to perceive the indications of a pervasion. Tragically, manifestations of emerald debris borer dont become clear until at least two years after borers enter a tree. D-formed leave openings, only 1/8 in distance across, mark the development of grown-ups. Split bark and foliage dieback may likewise predict bother inconvenience. Simply under the bark, S-molded larval exhibitions will affirm the nearness of EAB. Grouping: Realm - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass †InsectaOrder †ColeopteraFamily - BuprestidaeGenus - AgrilusSpecies - planipennis Diet: Emerald debris borer hatchlings feed just on debris trees. In particular, EAB benefits from the vascular tissues between the bark and sapwood, a propensity that interferes with the progression of supplements and water required by the tree. Life Cycle: All creepy crawlies, including the emerald debris borer, experience total transformation. Egg †Emerald debris borers lay eggs separately, in hole in the bark of host trees. A solitary female can lay up to 90 eggs. Eggs bring forth inside 7-9 days.Larva †Larvae burrow through the trees sapwood, benefiting from the phloem. Emerald debris borers overwinter in the larval structure, now and then for two seasons.Pupa †Pupation happens in mid-spring, simply under the bark or phloem.Adult †After rising, grown-ups stay inside the passage until their exoskeletons appropriately solidify. Unique Adaptations and Defenses: The emerald debris borers green shading goes about as disguise inside the timberland foliage. The grown-ups fly rapidly, escaping from peril when required. Most buprestids can deliver a harsh concoction, buprestin, to discourage predators. Environment: Emerald debris borer requires just their host plant, debris trees (Fraxinus spp.). Range: Emerald debris borers local range incorporates portions of China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, just as little territories of Russia and Mongolia. As an obtrusive vermin, EAB now lives in Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Virginia. Other Common Names: EAB

Words Phrases I Remember Learning Specifically From Books

Words Phrases I Remember Learning Specifically From Books The Publishers Weekly blog ran a piece by Gabe Habash entitled  Every World I Learned From Infinite Jest.  If youre familiar with David Foster Wallaces mammoth tome, the length of the list and the obscurity of many of the words probably wont surprise you. I had a similar experience with  Jest,  but for some reason chtonicrelating to the underworld is the one that always comes back to me. But the article got me thinking. One of the greatest tools for a writer is an expansiveassuming you can use it for anything besides showing off and being obnoxiousvocabulary. And however expansive my vocabulary is or is not, I owe it to the amount of books Ive read. I made a list of a few words I specifically remember learning from books. All definitions from dictionary.com. Sinew: A piece of tough, fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone, or bone to bone Learned from:  Island of the Blue Dolphins  by Scott ODell Young Karana is marooned on an island. She proceeded to have many adventures and close calls, and she also proceeded to use sinews to bind and fix just about everything. Sinew was the duct tape of the island. Ive never forgotten it. Inscrutable:   Impossible to understand or interpret Learned from:  Titus Groan  by Mervyn Peake From the first of the  Gormenghast  books.  Gormenghast  exposed me to approximately one billion things Id never felt or considered before. Theres truly nothing like it. It is, if I had to choose a word, inscrutable. If youre unfamiliar with the series, I wont try to describe the plot to you, but these books create a mood that Ive never even come close to feeling in anything else. If you can steer me to anything you think Id like based on this statement, Id be grateful. Chrism:   A mixture of oil and balsam, consecrated and used for anointing at baptism and in other rites of Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican churches Learned from:  The Oxford Writers Thesaurus I have a favorite Thesaurus. It includes lots of lovely mini-essays on words the editors (including David Foster Wallace and Zadie Smith) were enamored of. Chrism was one of those. Its a pretty word. Say it out loud. Harder to find a use for it in chitchat, but I like how it sounds. Steatopygia:   An extreme accumulation of fat on the buttocks Learned from:  The Superior Persons Book Of Words by Peter Bowler What superior person wouldnt need a word like this in his obfuscated-insult holster? I honestly dont think I knew more than ten of the words in this book. Lots of words about sex:   Take your pick Learned from:  Many, many Dean Koontz books. I liked the gore and monsters in Koontz novels. My junior high phase was pretty much just a rotation of Terry Brooks, Piers Anthony, Stephen King, and Koontz. But Koontz was the one who drove my teenage self wild with his ridiculous love scenes. I had no idea that phrases like hidden nubble werent sexy yet. But wow, back then, it was good for what ailed me.  Twilight Eyes  and  Koontz  were the real standouts. How about you? Any words that have stuck with you, whose origin in your memory is not shrouded in mystery? _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every week. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Racism Is No Less Prevalent Here - 1999 Words

It is the nineteen forties in Lorain, Ohio and though it may not be the deep south, the presence of racism is no less prevalent here. In this day and age, little black girls dance through life thinking they are lesser than their white counterparts. This is something fed to them in all aspects of their lives. They see white people on the big screen, in their beverages, and even on their candies. This lack of representation, coupled with the fact that they are constantly taught that white is right and black is wrong, continues to build up until the only logical outcome is to hate themselves. They hate themselves because the world has given them no other option. This is known as internalized racism, and can be just a damaging as racism from white people because this is a self-hatred. Self-hatred cannot be escaped, nor can it be ignored. This topic is a highly uncommon one to come across in books, and when it is found it is often incidental. Toni Morrison has never shied away from the un known, though. The Bluest Eye tackles issues such as white beauty standards, child rape, and the devastating consequences of internalized racism. Internalized racism is present in every aspect of our society, regardless of whether or not we’re aware of it. It destroys each and every person of color, and does not discriminate between the light or dark skinned. The only ones who benefit are white people. Each and every white person benefits in some way from this form of racism both in The BluestShow MoreRelatedOur Modern Educational System Creates An Environment Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesit is very prevalent in my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack ofRead MoreRacism, Racism And White Supremacy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesa problem needs to be battled head-on. As a society, we need to change the way racial inequalities have been set up and the way we go about our lives. Racism has a large effect on minorities nationwide daily, and it can often go unnoticed or be incorrectly identified. But what truly is racism in America, today? Racism is still an extremely prevalent subject in today’s society, based on specific phenomena that affects black youth and perpetuates the false veil of brute equality. Since the inequalityRead MoreIntroducing The Problems Of The American School System Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesit is very prevalent in my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack ofRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of America Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTake a look around you. Imagine the world now, then again from fifty to a hundred and fifty years ago. Much has changed and much has stayed the same. Plenty of issues that were prevalent so long ago are still lingering around today such as racism, discrimination, white supremacy. We fight constant battles fighting these issues whether its educating others or defending ourselves from it. It was only one hundred and one years ago that we saw D.W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation hit the silver screens.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Django Unchained 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesediting, sound, music and mise-en-scene, this essay will investigate the ideology of Racism in film. OxfordDictionaries.com describes racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discriminat ion, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.† When we, the audience think of racism in film, we traditionally think of movies for adults and often overlook the sinister aspect of racism in children’s films. I have chosen to contrast a recent R-rated film with a G-ratedRead MoreThe Film Glory By Edward Zwick1200 Words   |  5 Pagespast things. In the film, there were many difficulties that arose in the making of the 54th and while trying to make it stay strong. For example they were treated like complete trash. When marching and training Colonel Montgomery would make them feel less of a person by insulting their state of mind. They also were in a huge pay controversy. This caused many of the problems within the regiment. When entering the 54th African Americans were promised of pay equal to whites. When traveling they realizedRead MoreInstitutional Racism : An Excuse Or A Reality?1504 Words   |  7 Pages18 December 2014 Institutional Racism: An Excuse or a Reality? Take a step into the tragic period between the 1940s and ’60s and imagine how prevalent racism was at the time. In a historic period during the Civil Rights movement and even later, how would we portray racism within America? Was it in its beginning stages? Or had it hit its highest point? It’s commonly known that racism was at its height around these intimidating moments. However, when compared to racism in America this last decade,Read MoreThe Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution And The Industrial Revolution889 Words   |  4 Pagesreform allowed for the definition of evolution to be defined as, â€Å"the process of continuous branching and diversification from the common trunks.† Evolution though did not begin then, it began at the start of this universe. We as humans would not be here if it werent for human evolution. Without technological evolution that led to the invention of modern day transportation or the creation of factories or production we would n ot have the vehicles we drive or the houses we have to protect us. The 21stRead MorePleasantville Racism Paper959 Words   |  4 Pagespeople to be prejudiced towards another group of individuals. Racism could perhaps be triggered by having a fear of people who are different, needing to fit in with others who are of a racist mindset, and/or being ignorant of other people’s cultures. In the 1998 movie Pleasantville, it is shown that racism and discrimination towards different people occurs because of sudden changes to an established system and society. In reality, racism is a result of generations of stereotypes and mistreatment ofRead MoreThemes Of Racism And White Privilege939 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kindred, Octavia Butler uses characters and events to symbolize parts of larger themes of racism and white privilege in the story. Kevin is a symbol of the complicated relationship that white America has with black Americans. Kevin believes that he is not racist, yet his actions betray an unconscious prejudice towards African-Americans. This is evident when Kevin reacts angrily when Dana refuses to type up his writing for him. â€Å"He really had asked me to do some typing for him three times. I’d

Case Analysis For 2012 Rush Limbaugh Vs. Sandra Fluke

PREL 440: Case Analysis for 2012 Rush Limbaugh vs. Sandra Fluke I. Introductory Statement Rush Limbaugh word choices are the problem. On a live radio show with over 12 million listeners, Limbaugh has openly called third year Georgetown law student, Sandra Fluke multiple derogatory words, including â€Å"slut† and â€Å"prostitute.† This has been spanned out over three days, where he has transitioned the situation into a public debate. Public Relations is needed to maintain Limbaugh positive political platform for the future. II. Situation Analysis The Rush Limbaugh Show has a format that has remained nearly unchanged since in began in 1988. The program is always aired live and primarily consists of Limbaugh’s monologues, which are based on the news of the day, interspersed with parody ads, phone calls from listeners, and a variety of comedy bits. Rush Limbaugh, personally, is considered a conservative political commentator. He currently lives in Palm Beach, Florida where he broadcasts The Rush Limbaugh Show. Limbaugh frequently criticizes, both in his books and show, what he believes to be liberal policies and politicians, as well as what he perceives as pervasive liberal bias in major U.S. media. Considered to be among the highest paid people in the U.S. media, signing a contract in 2008 for $400 million through 2016. Sandra Fluke, a 30-year-old law student at Georgetown University, was invited by Democrats to speak at a hearing by the House Oversight and Government Reform

Ramon Charles Free Essays

Simforian Hello I am Ramon Charles Nadado. I come from a middle class family. I am currently married and have two children. We will write a custom essay sample on Ramon Charles or any similar topic only for you Order Now During my days in elementary school I have had to transfer twice. During my first grade I was in New Era University, during the second I went to La Salle Green Hills, and for the rest of my elementary school days I studied in Lourdes School of Mandaluyong till my time in highschool. I went back to New Era University for college. My hobbies are watching movies and animes, reading manga and novels, and listening to music. The Philippines has had a history of many problems which are still happening today and are causing many problems for the Filipino people. One of these problems, and not to mention the biggest one, is corruption which leads to the other problem of poverty. Another one of the problems are the environmental problems which are causing many of us to have diseases that we are not able to treat because we are not able to prevent them these diseases from multiplying. The last problem is about the economy of the community, this problem is also caused by corruption. I plan to conduct projects that will help us rise from these problems step by step. But first I will need the support of you Filipino citizens and God so that I have a reason and an inspiration for doing these things. I can try to stop corruption by having an election for new government officials which the people of the lower and middle class will decide upon to improve their welfare. To improve the situation of the environment which can also improve the situation of the people, I will have cleaning drives to help decrease pollution and have more hospitals built in provinces. How to cite Ramon Charles, Papers

Interlingua Is Doomed Essays - Interlingua, Constructed Languages

Interlingua is Doomed The dream of Interlingua-a common language that all the people of the world speak-has long existed in many peoples minds. They and their organizations have for many years tried to push this through, but the odds are still against them. The benefits of a common language on the planet are obvious, language barriers would no longer exist, books and newspapers could be printed in a single international edition distributed worldwide. In order to achieve this however there are plenty of obstacles along the way. The first question, which already throws us into a major snag, is which language do we choose? To many of us English is the obvious answer, since its expansion is enormous an it is the closest thing to a common language we have today. But this is where the Interlingua enthusiasts pull the brake saying, no, it must be a new constructed language everyone learns from scratch, because if we use an already existing natural language, all its native speakers would form an elite. The fact that the Interlingua enthusiasts normally excel in the very constructed language they advocate does not seem to strike them as unfair at all. Not that the people of this planet have ever managed to fully agree on anything, but let us just suppose that the world was to reform and decide to teach its citizens an all new language. The nations that would learn it the quickest would of course be the industrialized countries with the resources for good public education, incidentally the very nations that know and are learning, the international business language-English An inevitable fact is that the English language is already in the process of taking over the world through film, TV, popular music not to mention the Internet. Even more important, English being the international business language there is a lot of money invested in it and it therefore has the full support of the commercial industry and right or wrong, money rules this world! Were we still to miraculously manage to teach the whole planet the very same language, another problem would become painfully evident; maintaining it. All languages form local dialects, new words and expressions, especially in isolated and remote communities. Different people have different needs for words dictated by their surroundings and their professions. Based on the need of terminology the everyday vocabulary of a fisherman in the North Atlantic is bound to be quite different from that of a tobacco farmer in Turkey or a hot dog vendor in New York City. It is hardly realistic to think that any organization or international board of language would be able to map, keep track of and set standards for every single entity in the world that someone feels there is a need to have a word for. We have not yet come close to teaching all the people of the world to read and write their own native language that they are exposed to every day. What makes us think that we can teach them an all new language, especially with the economic interests of the world opposing it.

Theorys Emerson and Thoreau, Complete U.S. Citizens essays

Theorys Emerson and Thoreau, Complete U.S. Citizens essays Born in the United States one is given the privilege of being a U.S. citizen, but why holds on to the power if we dont even exercise it; the power to vote, the power of speech, and the power of choice. According to Emerson we dont trust ourselves enough to make our own decisions. Instead we resort to books, media, and peers to have them make the so called right decision. And because of this we are not nearly the citizens that we are meant to be. To be a complete citizen, we are called upon to make our own decision and be brave enough to speak what is on our mind, a statement that Emerson constantly strikes us with in his Self-Reliance essay. Citizens have the right to vote, but why sit and listen to all the long political speeches that are made up of half truths, and false promises. Instead why wont take a stand, question the leaders beliefs and make a statement so strong that would have them work for us. Instead we let them influence us and because of our insecurity they give us the orders and answers. When it is inside us that the answers are held. Citizens also posses the right of speech, something that only a few of us exercise. Because only those few have access to their true thoughts, a complete citizen would speak exactly what is on their mind expressing all their true feelings and not being scared of what others might think. They choose to be an individual and they choose to speak the mind, and by doing so they exercise both their rights of speech and the rights of choice. Thoreau on the other hand talks more about the government and that a citizen not be a no government man, but instead want and be a better government man. Thoreaus states must the citizens ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resigning his conscience you to legislator. This is where Emerson and Thoreaus ideas connect because if one does not exercise their right of speech a...

Learn the Many French Expressions Using Bien

Learn the Many French Expressions Using Bien The French word bien  means well or good and is used in many idioms that express several forms of speech, from nouns to verbs and exclamations. But bien by itself is usually an adverb. Learn how to say good and evil, real estate, well see, to do a good job, and more with these fun expressions using  bien. Remember not to confuse bien and its close sibling bon. Bon  and  bien  are often confused, because they have similar meanings and because both can function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Common French Expressions Using Bien Avoir la langue bien pendue – To be a facile talker; to have the gift of gab Bel et bien – Altogether; truly; really Bien au contraire – On the contrary; quite the opposite Bien dans sa peau – Comfortable in ones own skin / with oneself Bien entendu – Of course; obviously Le bien et le mal – Good and evil Le bien public – Public good Le bien dhumanità © – The good of humanity Les biens dun magasin – A stores goods Les biens immobiliers – Real estate Bien sà »r – Of course Bien sà »r que non – Of course not Dire du bien de – To speak well of Être bien mal – To be close to death Faire du bien quelquun – To do someone good Faire le bien – To do good On verra bien ! – Well see! Prendre la chose bien – To take something well Rendre le bien pour le mal – To return good for evil Sy prendre bien – To do a good job; handle something the right way

Communication Technology in Business Research Paper

Communication Technology in Business - Research Paper Example   Businesses that do not maintain adequate communications systems face significant breakdowns inefficiency, cultural development, customer satisfaction, and even profitability. This is why organizations require planning and implementation of communications technologies to ensure that business leaders and support employees have the ability to compete in a rapidly-globalizing business world. Communications technologies provide for instant communications and real-time data transfer, thus creating more predictable business systems and also better knowledge exchange. The ability to communicate with organizational employees, managers, and executives greatly improve the ability to meet vision and mission goals associated with the business. In healthcare, especially, communications technologies improve patient care and also avoid errors that can cost the organization considerable profits. Technology in communication has changed the way businesses communicate with each other. Web-based meet ings, Personal PDA’s, E-mail, Internet chat rooms and cloud computing are essential for keeping our business viable in today’s growing technological world. This report highlights the need for communications technologies at our health care facility to improve our standing as a world-class health center. The costs of establishing age-old technologies to improve business function as considerable. Written communication methods are outdated and often involve considerable bureaucracy to ensure that written files are delivered timely and accurately. Further, written documentation puts a great deal of strain on the environment and therefore becomes a social responsibility issue for this health firm. Currently, nurses and physicians rely on documentation for patient dosing, charted analysis of patient care and symptoms, and also inter-office memos describing new health care policies. It is inefficient and does not serve the needs of this health care center. Older communications technologies, such as television-based training programs used in human resources, require significant costs for implementation of fiber-optic lines, display screens, and the costs of producing multi-media videos. This healthcare facility has relied on these archaic systems for too long and it has greatly disrupted profitability as it relates to operational budget.  Ã‚  

Pricing strategies of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pricing strategies of Apple - Essay Example The price strategy for Apple majorly lies in the fact that they endeavour to sell great phones and products at a lower cost. It therefore offers a small number of products with a focus on the high-end market while giving priority to profits over the share of the market and creating a halo effect that makes people continuously attracted to its products. Apple ensures that when it is pricing its products, it adopts strategies that in relation to the market forces unlike the usual minimal pricing of products in the market place. Therefore, the prices are made in such a way that at times it is two times what its competitor’s charge, which it gets away with through strategies in how the product is implemented. The justification for the higher price of the products y Apple is the fact that it builds beautiful products that are attractive to the consumers and have features and benefits that the competing companies cannot match. Apple strives to create a demand for its products through differentiation, which entails having attractive and unique products to the consumers, and this enables it to have total control over the prices. Apple maintains a higher price for its products which keeps away its competitors in check helps it maintain its margins in terms of profitability (Spencer, 2013). Through the focus on customers that are likely to buy at the premium prices and maintaining it at that level, the company sets a level at which its competitors must also set its prices in the market. Apple therefore offers its products at premium prices by creating a premium product which is of high quality as indicated by the features in the products which translate to a lot of value for the price which helps shore up the profits. For instance, Apple raised the price of the latest iPad Mini by sticking on its high-end pricing strategy with the sole aim of maintaining the profit margins. The new

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences Essay

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences Essay The Cairngorms National Park is the largest in the UK which covers 3800 sq. m. area. It has typical natural environment, cultural heritage and local communities and also included eight different natural reserves. It has wild lands, moorlands, forests, rivers, lochs and glens. The national park has Scotlands five highest mountains. The majority area of the forest in the park is covered by pine. Spey, Dee and Don Valleys are found in lowland areas from where rivers, lochs and marshes are originated. This park has provided home for 16000 people and 25% of the UKs threatened wildlife species. Aviemore, Ballater, Braemar, Grantowin, Kingussie, Newtonmore and Tomintoul are populated areas in the park. The park is one of the renowned outdoor recreational sites in the world. Visitors are allowed to visit the park by walking, wheelchair, horse, bicycle and boating. They can enjoy in golfing, fishing, cycling, hill walking, skiing and deer hunting. The Cairngorms mountain area was listed as national park in 2003.It provides conservation site for pine, recreational purposes such as tourism development and deer hunting sites. The land area in the national park is occupied by certain land owner and the area is call as states. Due to the difference interest of the land owner there are conflicts in the land management. The Forestry Commission has major role and also responsibility to conserve the forest of the national park. The Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) has major role in management of Cairngorms which supports fund for overall management and conservation of the national park. Due to gradual change in land used pattern natural ecosystem has changed into cropland, pasture land, tree plantation, timber harvesting and urbanisation. The river Dee is major source of drinking water supply in Aberdeen which is originated from Cairngorm Mountain. The land management system of Deeside is divided into woodland, agriculture land, heather and forest. The woodland of the Deeside has owned by landlords or estate. Most of the forest in Cairngorms have owned privately, which are Balmoral estate and Glen Tanar. The Balmoral estate is owned and funded by the British Royal Family. The aim of the Balmoral estate is for conservation of natural environment, deer hunting and farming. The Royal Family and their guests visit the Balmoral estate for recreation. During the time they enjoy with deer shooting. Similarly, Glen Tanar was the property of a single person from Manchester in parts but now the ownership has shared with other people. The main focus of the Glen Tanar is to conserve the natural Scot pines for timber production and salmon fishing in river Dee. Several conflicts due to human activities regarding land use pattern, biodiversity conservation, aquatic habitat, landscape in Cairngorms have been found. Major conflicts are given below Conflict between Pine Forest and Deer Management Balmoral estate and Glen Tanar have the same boarder. Each of the area has its own objective. Conservation of dear for hunting is the main objective of Balmoral estate and the conservation of Scot pine is the objective of Glen Tanar. The deer graze the young shoots of the pine which is nutritious for the deer. The grazing of the pine shoot by the dear is major conflict in Glen Tanar. This is the main problem for pine regeneration and deer management in the Cairngorms area. Similarly, pine forest is natural habitat of a bird called capercaillie. The bird has poor sight and low flying. The birds select the habitat of pine trees for feed, nesting and check rearing. The estate has constructed the fence to protect the pine from the grazing of the deer block the movement of the bird and decree the population of birds. Forestry Ownership There is conflict between forest ownership and forest management sectors. Scottish Natural Heritage supports partial fund for conservation of cultural heritages of the estates. The woodland are managed by traditional estates .The private forest owners are not giving proper attention to manage wildlife and natural environment. Forestry Commission has taken the responsibility for conservation and regeneration of the forest. Overgrazing of deer and sheep in upland area of the mountain also related with the conflict to wildlife and forest conservation. Impact on Biodiversity The land owners who managed the private forest sell their woods which cause loss of biodiversity. Agriculture The owners have planted trees and they used agrochemicals which caused pollution in the River Dee .The pollution affects the salmon population in the river. Recreation Some parts of the Deeside are selected to manage salmon fishing and hunting of grouse and deer. Heather and birches, fishing, skiing are beneficial for tourism. But the skiing caused change in land use and also affects the hill birds and ecology. Similarly, cycling, dog walking, hill walking, climbing are also responsible for conflict in local area. Conclusion The Cairngorms National Park has high value for natural and environmental concerns. Different issues related to conflict are still found in the national park areas. There is conflict between deer grazing and forest ownership, utilization of forest resources and land ownership land management. There is necessary to find the root causes of the conflict among the stakeholders to improve the environmental quality of the park.

Maori Health Care in New Zealand Essay

Access to health is a fundamental right of all human beings (WHO; 2004). If all people had access to health care then no disparities would be found between different groups. However, according to Giddings (2005) the health status of groups in various countries is not similar and have widened between groups since some groups are marginalised and others are privileged by their social identities. This may also be the case in New Zealand. Statistics by the Waikato District Health Board (2012) indicate that Maori as a group is more prone to ill health than any other ethnic groups in the region. Similar results were obtained by Howden, Chapman & Tobias (2000) who state that Maori have lesser health standing at levels such as all learning opportunities, job status and income than non-Maori. The general conclusion from these studies is therefore that there does seem to be a discrepancy with Maori health care. In order to address this, it is necessary to identify and address the relevant fact ors that can create a barrier to a level playing field for Maori as far as health is concerned and through this process give effect to the WHO’s â€Å"right to health† outcomes for all. Howden, Chapman & Tobias (2000) see the barriers to efficient Maori health care as being institutional racism, ongoing effects of colonization on Maori through tapering the Maori monetary base and reducing Maori political influence. Theunissen (2011) agrees in principal with this by concluding that the disparities in Maori health exist mainly due to an inconsistent consideration of Maori culture and social policies. Factors such as institutional discrimination (leading to interpersonal racism which is seen as breaches of human and indigenous rights), lack of respect and lack of cultural safe practises are seen as barriers to the provision of efficient health services. According to the Ministry of Health (2012) health is viewed within a framework of values, priorities, collective experience, customs, beliefs and place in society of which all is influenced by social policy. To improve Maori health and address inequalities within the social policy framework, one must therefore consult w ith Maori as to their health priorities and the manner in which it should be rendered. Maori’s perspectives on health are reflected in various models such as Te Whare Tapa Wha, Te Wheke and Te Pae Mahutonga with all of these models emphasising a holistic approach. In this paper the Te Pae Mahutonga model is used (Durie, 2003) to explain Maori health. The model identifies six  cornerstones of wellness namely Mauriora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oranga, Te Mana Whakahaere and Nga Manukura. 1. Mauriora is associated with a secure cultural identity. Urbanisation broke the link between Maori and the land which caused insecure access to the Marae, Maori language issues and reduced opportunities for cultural expression in society. 2. Waiora is associated with environmental protection and linked to Maori’s spiritual world. It connects physical with mental wellness due to the interaction between the people and the environment (water, earth and cosmic) 3. Toiora is associated with a person’s lifestyle and relates to the willingness to engage in high risk experiences such as substance abuse, gambling, sedentary lifestyles and low moral values. The statistics for Maori in a Hawkes Bay study indicated that Maori was overrepresented as a group when compared to non-Maori (Ngati Kahungunu Iwi, 2003). 4. Te Oranga is dependent on a person ’s participation in society which is determined by social position. This in turn is a function of income, job status, choice of school and access to good health services. 5. Nga Manukura (leadership) refers to the ability of local leaders to assist health professionals with the health promotional effort. The formation of alliances between these different groups to enable and combine diverse perspectives will increase the effectiveness of health programs to a large degree as no single group have all the attributes or expertise to effect change. 6. Autonomy (Te Mana Whakahaere) is reflected in the level to which a community is able to determine their own aspirations, develop and implement measures to approve such initiatives and exert a level of control over the outcomes achieved. Of the six wellness described above all are impacted on through Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Maori have no autonomy other their affairs other than over their resources and taonga (treasures). Although there is a legal obligation to consult with Maori (Resource Management Act, 2003) when plans are formulated; and to listen to their input, it is not necessary to include them as part of the leadership of health plans or outcomes. Maori’s participation in society is largely determined by their social position whi ch is not as high as in a non-Maori society when viewed within Iwi or Whanua settings. This is further compromised by the perceived high risk Maori lifestyle which is not socially acceptable to non-Maoris. The broken link between Maori and their land/Marae reduces their confidence and  willingness to participate in opportunities for cultural expression in society. From the above it is clear that there are several factors that determine Maori health outcomes. Of this only racism will be addressed in this paper as it is considered one of the main barriers to efficient Maori health care. Racism comprises of institutional racism, interpersonal racism and internalised racism. According to Durey & Thompson (2012) the various forms of racism should not be considered discreet categories but rather seen as being interrelated. Singleton & Linton (2006) defines racism as ‘prejudice + power’. This appears in practise when one group holds sway over institutional power and converts their beliefs and attitudes into policies and practises. This is happening in the health care system when services are developed by non-Maori for non-Maori based on the western biomedical model. This model differs from the Te Pae Mahutonga model in that it concentrates on diagnosis and treatment instead of prevention. The biomedical approach to health care is forcing Maori to adhere to a system that is not in line with their beliefs or allow them to change it due to lack of sufficient representation. This implies that the aspects of autonomy and leadership that is seen as a cornerstone of the Te Pae Mahutonga health model cannot be exercised thus leading to poor health outcomes for Maori. When Maori accepts these outcomes and see themselves as being inferior to others the institutional racism become internalised leading to a further degradation in health care due to lack of participation in society (Durey & Thompson 2012). The fourth cornerstone (Te Oranga) is therefore weakened due to the inability of Maori to participate in society on their terms. Interpersonal racism occurs when there is a lack of awareness of Maori’s lived experiences and cultural meanings which manifests in poor communication or negative feedback and consequences. This contravenes the cornerstone of Mauriora which is important for cultural expression in society. Maori cannot effectively participate in health care if they are not able to express themselves according to their culture and beliefs because of the health care provider’s inability to understand them. This is reflected in the current breast and cervical screening programs that is lower among Maori woman than woman of other ethnicities. Element three of Te Tiriti o Waitangi deals with the aspect of citizenship  and the rights of citizens. This element states that Maori will have the British Crown’s protection and all the same rights as British subjects (Archives New Zealand, 2012). It is the definition of what constitutes same rights or Oritetanga that is at the heart of the matter. One viewpoint is to interpret Oritetanga as meaning the right to enjoy benefits that result in equal outcomes. Another is to define Oritetanga as access to equal opportunities meaning that there should be no distinction between the opportunities available for Maori and non-Maori (Barrett & Connolly-Stone, 1998). It does not matter which viewpoint is preferred as the end result should always be that Maori advance equally with non-Maori (Humpage & Fleras, 2001). This is in line with the comment from Theunissen (2006, p. 284) that â€Å"Where human rights pertain to Oritetanga, Maori have the right to be protected from discriminat ion and inequitable health outcomes†. According to Upton (1992) the New Zealand government has agreed that major differences still exist between the health status of Maori and non-Maori that cannot be ignored and that part of the problem is the rigidity of the health system causing it to be unable or reluctant to respond to Maori needs. This is in contrast to spirit of element three of Te Tiriti which infers indirectly to the notion of equal partnerships and monetary and cultural security, both of which contributes to hauora (spirit of life/health) of Maori. The continued poor response of the health system to improve Maori health can therefore be viewed as a violation of element three of Te Tiriti. Hill et al. (2010) concurs with the above in that Maori does not experience access to equal opportunities of quality and timely health care. Their view is one of Maori experiencing differential access and receiving health services from providers that practises institutional racism and professional prejudice (interpersonal racism). This in turn causes a negative impact on Maori self believe due to internalising the racism in their personal attitudes or beliefs (Hill et al., 2010). It is in this regard that the role of the nurse becomes critical important. It is generally acknowledged that the nurse’s individual cultural view point  sways his/her ability and manner they work with patients to forming trusted relationships. This framework may lead to societal prejudice when Maori is seen as being â€Å"personally responsible for their disparities due to an inferiority of genes and lack of intelligence or effort in caring for self† (Reid & Robson, 2006, p. 5). This is where cultural safe practises need to be applied in order to identify and resolve personal attitudes that may put Maori at risk. Safe practises also promote open mindedness that allows the health care professional to provide health services in line with Maori beliefs of healing and health. Such an approach will improve trust between the parties concerned and trust by Maori in the health care system. At the individual patient level nurses play an important role as they act as intermediaries between the health care professional and the client. The factors that influence the nurse’s professional ability in this framework are seen as cultural safety, advocating for patient rights and applying Maori models of care in preference to the biomedical model used in most western societies. According to Jansen et al. (2008) nurse-led interventions are the most fitting for providing healthcare services because they embrace culturally personalized approaches while Barton & Wilson (2008) see a Maori-centred move towards caring as supporting the nurse’s ability to provide culturally suitable care. Cram et al. (2003) go as far as to suggest that if health concepts are developed by Maori for Maori then the likelihood of wrongly representing cultural values will be eliminated. The role of the nurse in advocating for patient’s rights can be done at two levels. At the lower level it may involve interacting with the health profession in order to avoid bias towards Maori whilst at the highest level it may involve the nursing workforce acting as one to ensure changes in the health system that is fair to Maori. Action at both levels will endeavour to establish a consistent approach to be followed resulting in enhancing Oritetanga at social policy level (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). The Maori model of care Te Pae Mahutonga supports the development of a holistic approach in health care that is aimed at prevention rather than the â€Å"diagnosis and treatment† approach which is reflected in the biomedical  model. The hospital environment which forms the cornerstone of the biomedical approach is seen as unsuitable for Maori health improvement as they require access to mobile health care services in local and rural communities not hospitals. Whanua (broader family) participation is seen as an important part of the healing process and requires support mechanisms to enable this. Support mechanisms do not only include access to transport and housing but also an understanding of the role of karakia (prayer), Tapu and noa (risk and safety) and Wairua (spiritual force) (Ngati Kahungunu Iwi, 2003). The conclusion that can be reached from the above discussion is that Maori does not enjoy a level playing field as far as health care services are concerned and that the spirit of element three of Te Tiriti o Waitangi is not adhered to by government. Most Maori health plans emphasise the importance of interpersonal relationships, awareness of Maori belief systems, cultural identity and Maori lifestyle as important to health and see the development of health plans by Maori for Maori as one of the most important factors that will contribute to improving health care for Maori. References Archives New Zealand. (2012). Treaty2U: Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Retrieved from http://www.treaty2u.govt.nz/ Barrett, M. and Connolly-Stone K. (1998) The Treaty of Waitangi and Social Policy. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 11, 29—47. Barton, P. & Wilson, D. Te Kapunga Putohe (the restless hands): a Maori centred nursing practice model. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 24 (2), 2-15 Cram, F., Smith, L., & Johnstone, W. (2003). Mapping the Themes of Maori Talk about Health. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 116, 1-7 Durey, A., & Thompson, S. C. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change focus. Health Services Research, 12, 151 Durie, M. (2003). Nga Kahui Pou: Launching Maori Futures. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Giddings, L. S. (2005). Health Disparities, Social Injustice and Culture of Nursing. Nursing Research, 5, 304-312. Hill, S., Sarfati, D., Blakely, T., Robson, B., Purdie G & Kiwachi, I. (2010). Survival disparities in indigenous and non-Indigenous New Zealanders with colon cancer: The role of patient comorbidity, treatment and health service factors. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, 64, 117–123 Howden-Chapman, P. and Tobias, M. (2000). Social Inequalities in Health. Retrieved from www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/†¦/reducineqal.pdf Humpage, L., & Fleras, A. (2001). Intersecting discourses: Closing the gaps, social justice and the Treaty of Waitangi. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 16, 37–53. Jansen, M., & Zwygart-Stauffacher, M. (2010). Advanced practice nursing: Core concepts for professional role development. New York: Springer. Jansen, P., Bacal, K., & Crengle, S. (2008). He Ritenga Whakaaro: Maori experiences of health services. Auckland, New Zealand: Mauri Ora Asssociates Ministry of Health. (2012). Maori Health. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/our- work/populations/maori-health New Zealand Legislation. (2003). Resource Management Act 2003. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0023/latest/DLM194997.html Ngati Kahungunu Iwi. (2003). Moari Health Plan for Hawkes Bay Draft. Retrieved from www.kahungunu.iwi.nz/†¦/iwi†¦/HealingOurSpiritsHealthStrategy.pdf Reid P., & Robson B. (2006). The State of Mà  ori health. In: M Mulholland (ed). State of the Mà  ori Nation: Twenty-First Century Issues in Aotearoa. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Singleton, G. & Linton, C. (2006). Courageous Conversations about Race: a field guide for achieving equity in schools. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press Theunissen, K. E. (2011). The nurse’s role in improving health disparities experienced by the indigenous Maori of New Zealand. Contemporary Nurse, 39(2), 281-286 Upton, S. (1992).Your Health and the Public Health: A Statement of Government Health Policy by the Hon Simon Upton, Minister of Health Wellington. Waikato District Health Board. (2012). Future Focus Section 5 Maori Health. Retrieved from http://www.waikatodhb.govt.nz/page/pageid/2145848209/Future_Focus World Health Organization. (2004). The World Health Report 2004. Retrieved from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/

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