Essay on Why Jospeh Stalin - 2486 Words

Lenin’s search for obedient followers and hard workers would eventually lead him to Joseph Stalin. Stalin was courageous, rambunctious, bold, fierce, and determined. Stalin knew that in order to secure his place within the Bolsheviks, and move up the ranks, he needed to prove himself worthy to their cause. Stalin used these traits and put them to work gaining Lenin’s admiration. What Stalin really excelled in was organization, something that the early Bolshevik party desperately needed. While Stalin may not have been the most intelligent or the most the most â€Å"typical† candidate for acceleration, accelerate he did. In this time, had this been a normal government Stalin would not have risen amongst the ranks due to his lower class†¦show more content†¦As Stalin’s power began to grow, there was one person who dared speak out against it, Vladimir Lenin. After suffering a stroke in 1922, Lenin went into semi-retirement. Stalin and Trotsky both became concerned with who would become his successor. Stalin and Lenin had a strong political relationship and Stalin would visit Lenin often to discuss the direction of Russia and the Soviet Union. However, one day Stalin cursed at Lenin’s wife and Lenin was understandably very upset. This began the breaking down of their relationship. Lenin began heeding the warnings from Trotsky about Stalin’s power hungry ways and he began keeping detailed notes of disapproval about Joseph Stalin. Although â€Å"Lenin’s Testament† was meant to be a public account of Lenin’s fears in terms of the Soviet Union under Stalin, Stalin had allied with Lev Kamanev, the acting Premier during Lenin’s last year, and Grigori Zionoviev, head of the Comintern, and through their combined influence, they had suppressed the document from being revealed to the Twelfth Party Congress. Although these men did not truly agree with his policies, they did not want Tr otsky to take over so they sided with Stalin to prevent that from happening. On January 21, 1924, Lenin died. Thanks to Kamanev and Zionoviev’s influence, â€Å"Lenin’s Testament† was again not made public but instead only read to the Thirteenth Party Congress. Although people were shocked to hear Lenin’s thoughts of Stalin,

Individual’s behavior Free Essays

The individual’s behavior is shaped through his/her experiences in life. He may react on something based on the circumstances he/she is experiencing at the present. If an individual experiences pressure frequently and intensively, it may cause him to break down and react negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual’s behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, other individuals who seldom experiences pressures may react differently in more composed behavior. This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual; thus, individuals make their own behavior. Human behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions (Alland, 2003). Proponents assume that human behavior is guided by emergent norms. Individuals who come together have divergent views, some act spontaneously with each other, others express what they feel and still others are restrained in their behavior. These people interact with each other guided by symbols, and an emergent norm comes about (Loy, 2001). In the process of responding to each other, a revised definition of the situation comes about and then individuals act in terms this definition. So, in rallies, riots, mobs or demonstrations, there are some participants who are highly excited, expressing anger, hate, or fear, and there are some who are more contained in the expression of their emotions. Moreover, the norm may also define limits to their behavior. Reference: 1. Loy, James D. Understanding Behavior: What Primate Studies Tell Us about Human Behavior. Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. 2. Alland, Alexander Jr. Evolution and Human Behavior. Publisher: Natural History Press. Place of Publication: Garden City, NY. Publication Year: 2003. How to cite Individual’s behavior, Papers

Plastic Surgery free essay sample

A notable proportion of society has become grossly fixated on plastic surgery, with people attempting to buy back their youth, or to buy a similar face/body to that of their superstar idol. Surgeons are cashing in on people’s insecurities, using the knife as a magic wand for superficial happiness. With an increase in the number of deaths attributed to plastic surgery, and a massive rise in Botox addiction, unnecessarily altering ones appearance on the operating table is a contentious topic of moral debate. Recently, media attention has been focused on certain types of cosmetic surgery that are rapidly increasing among adolescent females in the United States. This trend raises disturbing ethical issues for the surgeons faced with young, impressionable patients. Although surgery to reshape the nose is still the most frequent, other procedures have increased rapidly since 1992. These include breast augmentation, collagen injection, eyelid surgery, liposuction, and tummy tuck. It also help to increase confidence and self-worth generally result in being more comfortable around other people. Yes, it so nice to be beautiful but what will be the risk after having a plastic surgery? The performance of plastic surgery is dangerous and there are always side effects. The surgery performed by doctors is not 100% successful and there is always room for error. Every surgery done to our body carries risks and can result in mistakes or even death. One of the most common mistakes people make when getting cosmetic surgery is using the wrong doctor. If you choose the wrong doctor or a doctor that is not certified, you could be risking your health and your life in some cases like complications, imperfect results, slow healing. Plastic surgeries usually cost a fortune and cannot be availed by everyone. There are lots of disadvantages and risks on having plastic surgery. Despite all these, there are still many people who want to have plastic surgery. There are studies found that there is a better chance of getting job if the person is beautiful and they also have a better chance of reviewing higher salaries. Attractive people are often locked upon with favor because they have a positive characteristic such as intelligence, competence and moral virtue. Having plastic surgery has become more of a want than a need because there are people who are still having plastic surgery even though they have a natural figure. Plastic surgery has a shelf life, how do you think a medical treatment, that is supposed to defy aging can withstand the test of time? People nowadays are living with fake physical appearance. People need to learn to accept who they are and learn to cope with themselves. We were all specifically chosen by god, and our differences in our appearance make us unique. We cannot just simply destroy the work of god; in life, we have to overcome our flaws and not be negative about it, we have to love our flaws and flaunt it. I think accepting what you look like is the first step in accepting yourself as an individual. Everyone should explore options before taking a costly surgery. Happiness can be achieved, but not through surgery. People need to  ­embrace their differences instead of trying to erase them. The Lord does not look at the things man looks at. Man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart. † Furthermore, we should be satisfied with the way we look because god loves us just the way we are. Outer appearance does not matter in the eyes of god as much as the internal beauty does, our delightful personality will outshine our flaws any day. Let’s be contented and thankful to god because being a natural is better than becoming part of the fake world.

The U.S. Constitution Essay Example For Students

The U.S. Constitution Essay Article Five, clause two of the United States Constitution states, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land. As a result of the fact that the current activist government is pursuing inconsistent policies, many believe the Constitution has become irrelevant because no guiding principles seem to exist. Thomas Jefferson once said, TheConstitution belongs to the living and not to the dead. Accordingly, it is often referred to as a living document because of its regular alteration and reexamination; therefore, the Constitution has not become irrelevant in defining the goals of American government. This will be shown by examining how the Constitution ensures and upholds American ideas of rights, defines governmental structures, allows for an increase in governmental growth, and permits the Supreme Court to shape and define public policy through Constitutionalinterpretation. We will write a custom essay on The U.S. Constitution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through years of research on court cases, political scientists are in agreement that most people favor rights in theory, but their support diminishes when the time to put the rights into practice arrives. For example, a strong percentage of Americans concur with the idea of free speech throughout the United States, but when a court case such as Texas vs. Johnson (1989) arises, most backing shifts away from complete freedom of speech. In the case, a Texan named Gregory Johnson set fire to an American flag during the 1984 RepublicanNational Convention in Dallas in order to protest nuclear arms buildup; the decision was awarded to Johnson in the midst of stern opposition (Beth 68). Lockean philosophy concerning the natural rights of man also serves amajor role in an Americans idea of rights. Many citizens feels that it is the task of the state to preserve such birthrights as life, liberty, and property. The juristic theory of rights deals with the hypothesis that a mans natural rights o nly amounted to the quantity of power he can exercise over any other man. A more general and logical definition of a right is a claim upheld by the law, in which case the Bill of Rights becomes important (Benn 195). Although the Constitution originally did not contain the Bill of Rights, the states threatened to delay ratification until the amendments were made. The main purpose of implementing the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, was to safeguard fundamental individual rights against seizure by the federal government and prohibit interference with existing rights. TheRevolutionary War with Britain was still quite clear in the American mind during the writing of the Constitution, so the Bill of Rights had full support of the public because it protected citizens against everything which had angered the colonists about the British (Holder 52). The Constitution is extremely ambiguous concerning individual rights and personal freedoms of man. It does, however, prohibit the passage of ex post facto laws, which punish people for an act they committed before such an act was illegal, disallow bills of attainder, which punish offenders without a trial, and prevent suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, which requires a detained man to be notified of the offense he committed (Gilbert 331). The Constitution also prohibits religious qualifications for seeking and holding a governmental office, and it secures the right of a trial by jury of peers in a criminal case (Gilbert 336). Articles One, Two, and Three of the United States Constitution define the three structures of the national government, and include each branchs composition and function. Article One deals with the Congress, the legislative structure of the federal government. It is the Congress, rather than the President, who is bestowed by the Constitution with the lawmak ing duty. The legislative branch contains two Houses, one being the Senate, which is based upon equal representation of the states, and the other being the House of Representatives, which is based upon state population. The Framers envisioned Congress as the most important and most powerful branch of government, although today much of the significant legislation is initiated by the President and the executive department (Holder 20). In order to be a Representative, one must be twenty-five years of age or older, a United States citizen for at least seven years, and reside in the state from which he is elected (Holder 21). On the other hand, Senators must have attained the age of thirty years, be a citizen for at least nine years, and also reside in the state from which he is elected. While Representatives serve two year terms,Senators serve six year terms (Holder 23). The powers belonging to Congress can be classified as either economic or military. Economic powers include the author ity to levy taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, coin money, and establish bankruptcy laws (Holder 28). Certain military powers involve declaring war, raising and supporting armies, regulating and maintaining navies, and supplying militias (Holder 29). Article One also contains, in section eight, clause 18, and elastic clause which allows Congressto make all laws which shall be necessary and properThe Constitution also elaborates upon certain acts to which it is prohibited. Such acts include no Bill of Attainder or ex post facto laws, no suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpus, other individual rights that man possesses (Holder 32). .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .postImageUrl , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:hover , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:visited , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:active { border:0!important; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:active , .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022 .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24a3a35fd726ec7f1002900845dc9022:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Arts Journal Critical Perspectives on Contemporary EssayArticle Two discusses the executive branch of the government- specifically the President of the United States- and specifies his powers, duties, responsibilities, and requirements for office (Holder 35). The President is the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy; he has the power to make treaties and fill vacancies during a recess of the Senate (Holder 37). He is required to give a state of the union address each year in order inform Congressof the present condition of the United States as a whole (Holder 38). In order to hold the office of the Presidency, one must be a natural born citizen of the United States, over the age of thirty-five, and a resident of the United States for fourteen years. The case of his removal from office, the powers of the President are handed over to the Vice- President and he shall complete the Presidents term in office (Holder 36). Article Three deals with the third branch of government- the judicial branch. This Article lays the foundation for a Supreme Court of the United States, but all lower courts and federal courts, including the Supreme Court, is under the jurisdiction of Congress. The organization of the federal court system established by Congress is hierarchical. The highest court, the Supreme Court, is located inWashington D.C. and consists of nine justices, there are eleven Circuit Courts of Appeals distributed throughout the country, and approximately ninety federal District Courts (Holder 40). Judicial power extends to all cases in which law and equity arise under the Constitution (Holder 42). The Supreme Court consists of eight associate justices and the chief justice, all appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate. Members of the Court are appointed for life terms and can be removed only by resignation or impeachment (Holder 44).Over time, the United States Government has grown st eadily in size and complexity, and it is continuing such growth daily. In recent years, such growth in the state and local levels has led to an increased interest in implementation activities- those activities and tasks undertaken after a law is passed (Ripley 24). Graphical trends show that government spending, employment, and spending as a percentage of the Gross National Product have increased at a healthy pace since the beginning of our nations existence, and such trends are predicted to continue their rise well into the twenty-first century (Ripley 25). Implementation of programs on the federal level are rarely directed straight from the national government in Washington, D.C. Most require a combination of federal field offices, state governments, local governments, and local nongovernmental actors. Such actors, through providing services to beneficiaries, have become important implementers. For example, many programs created to compensate the unemployed are implemented by a ne twork of groups including the United States Employment Service, fifty separate state employed security agencies, and countless local offices as a result of those fifty state agencies. Other employment agencies include the national office of the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) of the United States Department of Labor, ten regional ETA offices, fifty state offices, and between five hundred and six hundred local servicedelivery areas. As shown, one governmental program can easily encompass numerous agencies and office space, and with such programs arising daily, this translates into rapid governmental expansion (Ripley 26). Due to the fact that programs, whose numbers have grown significantly in recent years, need bureaucrats in order to be implemented, Americas bureaucracy has increased in the same manner as its programs have. Two main factors have contributed to the growth of bureaucracy in government. First, specific external trends and events such as violence and econo mic difficulties cause complex growth because of the programs that are necessary to halt such problems. Second, a bureaucrat working for a specific agency has a natural tendency to improve the importance of his agencys work; thus, his efforts result in expanded bureaucracy (Ripley 43). Although some political scientists argue that a growing government will limit freedom of the people, many believe that governments increased role in the lives of Americans serves to protect civil liberties and civil rights.Throughout United States history the Supreme Court has been called upon to interpret the Constitution in one or two possible ways. First, a strict constitution of national law, which upholds the belief that the states are vested with ultimate governmental authority, while the federal government should only have secondary authority. Second, a less strict, more federalist position, whichmaintains that the Constitution, due to a broad interpretation, hints toward implied powers in the central government. The second view was especially prominent from 1801 to 1835, under chief justice John Marshall (Armstrong and Woodward 210). .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .postImageUrl , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:hover , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:visited , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:active { border:0!important; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:active , .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2 .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u08fb45b4b01827a0c2d20bb502e4e1f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hard Times Introduction EssayUnder Marshall, the case of Marbury vs. Madison (1803) involved a contested appointment by the predecessor of then Secretary of State James Madison. The Court held that an act of Congress in conflict with the Constitution was void and that the Supreme Court possessed the power to declare if such a conflict existed. This decision set the precedent for what is known today as judicial review, and provides the Court with a means of checking the legislature(Armstrong and Woodward 214). It is a common belief that no body of doctrine, such as the Constitution, is ever fully developed at the time of its completion. With an ever changing society, it is apparent that the Constitution must transform along with society through interpretations of provisions to the original text. This distinction is put in the hands of the Supreme Court justices who are forced to confront circumeztial changes and new situations of modern times quite frequently. They are expected to reshape the doctrine in compliance with the original ideas of the Constitution, or the intentions of the Framers, to ensure that new provisions do not deprive man of the right to govern himself (Bork 513). Since the birth of the United States, Americans have formed an unbreakable habit of evolving economic, political, philosophical, and social questions into lawsuits. It is because of this habit that the Supreme Court is often the eventual resting place for a societal issue (Brennan 517). Such situations are prime examples of how the Constitution displays qualities of a living document. Despite the fact that the original text is over two hundred years old, the document, through the interpretation of the Supreme Court, is still able to consistently shape public policy at will. Although people argue that the Constitution is irrelevant today because it doesnt properly define the goals of American government, the Constitution has not become irrelevant, and it is still the driving force behind our government. Americans idea of rights are shaped daily by the Bill of Rights and the acts thatCongress is prohibited to amend. Through the use of Lockean philosophy concerning the nature of man, the Constitutional rights will always pertain to the needs of society, despite the fact that such thought is nearly three hundred years old. The Constitution also regulates the powers of each governmental structure by allowing a system of checks and balances to emerge. The continuing growth ofgovernment in recent years causes more legislation, but ultimately preserves civil right and liberties through such growth. The Supreme Court is able to mold public policy with every decision it hands down on every case it oversees. The relevancy of the Constitution is quite clear in the everyday lives of each American, and it establishes itself as the supreme law of the land on a regular basis.

What Romeo and Juliet Laws Mean for Teens

What Romeo and Juliet Laws Mean for Teens When Shakespeare brought Romeo and Juliet to life, he was intentional in choosing two young characters as his protagonists. Then as now, two teenagers having consensual sex is perfectly understandable. On the other hand, an adult molesting a child is reprehensible. The difference between the two situations would seem obvious. But in many states across America, from a legal standpoint, there’s little distinction between Romeo and Juliets mutual decision and the abusive actions of a child molester. An older teen who has sex with his younger girlfriend can be arrested, prosecuted, and jailed for the act. Even worse, they may carry the stigma of being labeled a sex offender for the rest of their life. The problem typically arises when the male is 18 or 19, the female is between 14 and 16, and the parent of the younger teen presses charges. (Even Romeo would be labeled a sex offender today, as he was believed to be 16 and Juliet 13 when their relationship began.) Consent and Advice Though the age of consent (i.e. the age at which an individual can legally agree to have sex) varies from state to state- and often splits along gender lines- it is definitive in one aspect: it refers to sexual acts between heterosexuals. In over half the states, sex between homosexuals is either not addressed by existing laws or is considered a crime. Recent changes in the laws governing consensual sex between minors or an adult 18 years of age and a minor 14-16 years of age have acknowledged that this intimacy is not the same as molestation. The new laws, named â€Å"Romeo and Juliet laws† after Shakespeare’s tragic teenage lovers, attempt to correct overly harsh penalties and prison terms meted out over the years. In 2007, these laws went into effect in Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, and Texas. Several other states have followed, with about half the states currently having some form of Romeo and Juliet law. Accidental Sex Offender In Florida, a 28-year-old man who’d been placed on the state’s sex offender registry was able to remove his name after the passage of Florida’s Romeo and Juliet law in July 2007. At age 17, Anthony Croce began having sex with his 15-year-old girlfriend; when he turned 18, the girl’s disapproving mother pressed charges and Croce pleaded no contest. He was then legally compelled to register as a sex offender. Florida’s new law still regards underage sex as a crime, but a judge may now determine whether to strike the sex offender designation from those previously convicted. Cases that may lead to an overturned designation would involve a victim who is age 14–17 and has agreed to consensual sex; the offender would have to be no more than four years older than the victim and have no other sex crimes on their record. Gay Bias in Rulings For teenagers who are gay or lesbian and engage in consensual sex, the laws are much tougher. A 2004 case heard by the Kansas Supreme Court had civil libertarians and gay rights groups protesting the existence of a double standard. Matthew Limon was a mentally disabled 17-year-old when he had consensual sex with a 14-year-old boy. Under the Romeo and Juliet law enacted in Kansas in 1999, Limon would have been sentenced to 15 months in prison if the boy had been a girl. But because the law states that partners must be members of the opposite sex, ​Limon was given a 17-year sentence. California state Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, introduced a bill in 2019 to add same-sex relationships to the states Romeo and Juliet law. The law seeks only to bring equality to gay and lesbian offenders and still would bring sex-offender status for adults to have sex with underage teens of the same sex or for a teen to have sex with anyone of the same sex under 14. Papa Dont Preach and Dont Press Charges The Romeo and Juliet laws are frequently enforced unfairly says Mark Chaffin, a researcher with the University of Oklahoma-based National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth. In many cases, they are enforced largely by how angry the parents of the younger party are. 2-Year Difference 10-Year Sentence One well-publicized case demonstrating the need for Romeo and Juliet legislation is that of Genarlow Wilson, a 17-year-old who was imprisoned for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old female. An athlete and honor student, Wilson was videotaped at a New Year’s Eve celebration engaging in oral sex and was sentenced to 10 years for aggravated child molestation. After serving jail time from 2003–07, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Wilson should be released; and this decision was followed by a change in state law that reduced consensual sex between teenagers to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of one year. Sources Man shed sex offender status under new Romeo and Juliet law. Associated Press. Aug. 6, 2007.New Laws Take Romeo Into Account https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2007/07/16/new-laws-take-romeo-into-accountReynolds, Dave. Court to Decide on Discriminatory ‘Sodomy’ Law. The New Standard. Sept. 1, 2004.Why Is Gay Underage Sex Criminalized When Straight Sex Is Not? https://www.advocate.com/crime/2019/1/23/why-gay-underage-sex-criminalized-when-straight-sex-not

Boston Matrix - Refresher Essay Example for Free

Boston Matrix – Refresher Essay According to those two figures and based on some sales figure from Unilever’s marketing department, it is clear that most of its products are in the maturity stage and ‘Cash-Cow’ products except for some new products which are undergoing the introduction stage or growth stage because there are many similar new products which are developed in China and focusing on Chinese consumer. The annual sales figure appear that, in personal care sector, its products have been kept in a slightly increase or decrease lever and tend to grow to a stable maximum level. However, because of in the huge market, the amount of sales normally is significant. This situation, therefore, could be effective for Unilever China run and maintain its business owing to the enormous cashflow. It also contributed to launching Unilever’s sixth Research and Development (R & D) Laboratory in China, 2000 in order to meet the everyday needs of the Chinese consumer and develop more products for the Chinese market. Facing the pressure form not only another large firm ‘P & G’ but also a lot of local booming manufactures, Unilever China has adopted a lot of effective measures in order to compete with them. For instance, frequent products promotion with the purpose of offering more profits to the customers and keeping the lower price. In addition, in order to maintain the awareness of brands, Unilever launches a lot of brilliant advertisements by using many famous pop stars in every season. Commentary on the three underlying systems: Technical, People, Economic (including: Organisational use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) A. Technical When I was working in ChinadotCom corporation Shanghai branch, I had had a lot of opportunities of communicating with IT staff of Unilever China. According to the information which I have gained form them, it is clear that if there was no supporting from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), possibly, all of its business and management would be out of control. ICT plays a significant role of management in lots of successful western firms as well as in Unilever. Thus, when Unilever re-entered China in 1990, it also brought some advanced management systems especially Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software which it had already operated in most of its subsidiaries into Unilever China. Throughout six years’ development, based on original ERP system, Unilever China has been building a brand-new Management Information System (MIS) which is different between the common MIS during current years. This new MIS concentrates in generating and analysing date source which forwards to provide efficient reports rather than the function of information communication. Unilever China has launched a number of separated information systems such as Dealer Management System (DMS), Sales Information System (SIS) and Supplier Management System as well. All of them have integrated with MIS through ERP in order to offer standard data source. Moreover, it has planned to launch a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system owing to maintain high proportion of royalty among its consumers. As we know, most multinational companies adopt single united globe standard for their IT equipments including hardware and software as well as Unilever. It should be easy and effective for the companies to manage and maintain the whole systems for example, once any engineer of Unilever turns on any PC of Unilever, there would be the same operation system and application software in the PC. However, for Unilever China, this situation could lead to some problems when it would like to merge other companies. It also has cost Unilever China much money and labour to integrate all the different systems which the fourteen joint ventures had been used, when it was carrying out the two revolutions. B. People In a world where technologies and markets are speedily changing, as well as in China, both local knowledge and globe proficiency have been required to deeply understand and meet the complex needs of the 150 million customers who choose Unilever’s products everyday. It is very important, therefore, for Unilever China to make its employees localising as possible as it could. At its beginning stage, Unilever China had employed more one hundred foreign staffs including managers and professionals. Although they had more working experience and good management approaches, there still had been some disadvantages of this state. Firstly, it had led to the high cost of labour because Unilever should pay nearly six times more than employing local people. Secondly, most of foreign staffs, they had not had enough knowledge of Chinese economy environment. This might provide some wrong decisions in both marketing and manufacture areas. Finally, because they had been so proud of their characters and positions, they tended to be difficult to communicate with local people. All in all, thus, Unilever China has modified its mind to reduce the number of foreign staffs and offer more opportunities to local employees. (Unilever China, 2001) In every recent year, Unilever China has sent numbers of its local managers abroad to practise for senior positions in their own countries. Its target of 95 percent local management in China includes five percent of local managers who are also working overseas at any given time. On the other hand, in purpose of reducing the cost of workforce, Unilever China decided to cut down the number of workforce in Shanghai which is in the highest level of working payment in China, and move its manufactures to the lower cost place. C. Economic Inside Unilever China, the significant motive of two revolutions is to decrease their working expenditures and utilise all the business resource efficiently. The production lines of most its products such as shampoo and shower are quite similar including the raw material as well. There had been several same production lines among the fourteen joint ventures, before Unilever China re-structured them. In addition, the waste also happened to the IT departments, administration department and supporting department. Once Unilever China had held a new joint venture, it had had to build an individual business system for it. It seems to be more efficient and having more abilities of competition, when the two revolutions have been accomplished. Furthermore, the changes also facilitate Unilever to concentrate its brands in order to meet the needs of different markets. For instance, in Shanghai which is the huge developed city in China, its key products are in the personal care and wash area including Lux, Dove, Hazeline and Ponds. Due to the changing of Chinese government economy policy, China is going to be more open for the foreign companies. As a result that China has joint World Trade Organisation (WTO), more foeign companies will enter China. Most local manufactures tend to become stronger because they will have more chance to gain the advanced management approaches and learn the business skills by competing with more foreign companies. They also could the big challenge to the Unilever China. Another purpose of its changes, thus, is to maintain its leader position in China. Since these changes, Unilever China becomes more flexibility because it clearly to allocate its business targets to three groups. Every group has its own responsibility of manufacturing and selling particular products. Thus, both of them could be the professional in their own economical environment. Discussion of management activities and approaches (including â€Å"typical† errors) Until this section, it seems that there has been no obvious evidence which could show that Unilever China has made some clear mistakes of management so far. However, there might be no completely perfect result once you have accomplished some changes. In the short-term, we could regard it as more positive than negative but no one could image the future. Also, before the two revolutions happened, there had been some typical management errors which Unilever China had made. Inside most of joint ventures in China, there are two different manager teams: one group of them are assigned straight by foreign companies; another are the people who have already worked in the companies which are going to co-operate with the foreign companies. However, both of them have the responsibilities of managing the new companies which we exactly classify as Chinese-foreign joint ventures in China. Thus, because of different working background in different economics system, these two manager teams provide two different management styles. For the managers who have been worked in Unilever world group for a period of time, because of underlying the western developed management theory, their management approach could be considered as ‘Proactive & Positive’. The management approaches have been argued and developed by a lot of western researchers for a long time. Those effective management approaches, such as ‘team work’, ‘business culture’ and ‘management information system’, have been widely utilised in Unilever. This also could contribute good forecast of marketing and sales, efficient decision making and powerful capability of competition. Those advantages could be clearly embodied in the two revolution of Unilever China. In particular, in order to avoid more waste of resource, Unilever China terminated some business in 2002 in Shanghai and transferred them to the low cost place which was in HeFei. During this process, certainly, it should deal with the loss of re-investment and high risk of changing. Nevertheless, due to some typical management errors which it had made at the beginning of re-entering China, it has had to change its temporal situation. The typical mistakes could be ‘Market Share wars’ and ‘The â€Å"big project†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. The evidences of these errors could be discovered by some investigation in its process of growth. For instance, only in a decade, it had constructed fourteen joint ventures in China to take the leader position of Chinese market and compete with ‘P & G’. Following its step, ‘P & G’ China also carried out some measures which might beat its challenge. Finally, that lead to both of these two firms had to reduce their products’ price in order to obtain more market share. Those fourteen joint ventures had caused numerous waste of fix assets, labour and operation cost. Boston Matrix – Refresher. (2017, Aug 20).

The nurses role as a cultural broker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The nurses role as a cultural broker - Essay Example Nurses as cultural brokers had a role to build an understanding of the cultural factors and awareness of the different communities they serve and of the many ways in which such factors influence communities and the community members. It is not a must for a Cultural Broker to be a member of a particular cultural background or community. However, it was a requirement for them to have a history and experience with different cultural groups for which they serve as brokers. They needed to respect and trust the community they are working for, have knowledge of the community’s values, beliefs, and health practices of different cultural groups. It is equally important for them to have a clear understanding of the traditional and indigenous wellness and healing networks of that particular community for them to be effective middlemen. Nurses as cultural brokers ensure that individuals’ values customs and spiritual beliefs of an individual are respected accordingly. The nurses also ensure an individual receives information that is accurate, sufficient and culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and treatment. The final role was to navigate the health care delivery and the community’s supportive systems (Parker, 2001).

Fallow's viva bilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fallow's viva bilingualism - Essay Example He notes that the initiatives are based on American fears. One of the fears is that the human brain cannot be able to accommodate different languages. The other fear is noted that America’s fear that English language is likely to be edged by other languages. In his argument, Fallows notes that it is possible for the brain to accommodate different languages. He notes competence gained by those who speak various languages such as in Indonesia and Malaysia. Fallows further notes that countries such as Japan have been encouraging study of English as a way of boosting communication. This is seen as a way of boosting prominence of English language rather than a threat to the existence of language. Analysis of the author essay will help in highlighting the intention of the author. The author makes several claims in the essay. The first major claim is that the reason Americans are against bilingualism is that they view it as polygamy. The perception of bilingualism as polygamy makes Americans shy away from embracing other languages. In America society, polygamy is seen as failing to work as it leads to skewed commitment to the spouse. Commitment of man to one wife is seen as depleting what is available for the other wife. The same analogy is used in the English language. The author notes that the perception is that there is less room in individual’s brain. Hence, commitment to one language such as Spanish would mean lack of room to learn and understand another language such as English. The author uses statistics to highlight the reason for such behavior. He notes â€Å"Ninety –nine percent of all Americans can happily live their lives speaking and thinking about no other language but English† (Fallows, n.d, p 260). The other major claim by the author is that fear of bilingualism is based on perceived threat to English language. He notes that

Emerging Disease Trends Essay Example for Free

Emerging Disease Trends Essay People use health care services for many reasons: to cure illnesses and health conditions, to mend breaks and tears, to prevent or delay future health care problems, to reduce pain and increase quality of life, and sometimes merely to obtain information about their health status and prognosis. Health care utilization can be appropriate or inappropriate, of high or low quality, expensive or Inexpensive. The study of trends in health care utilization provides important information on these phenomena and may spotlight areas that may warrant future in-depth studies because of potential disparities in access to, or quality of, care. Trends in utilization may also be used as the basis for projecting future health care needs, to forecast future health care expenditures, or as the basis for projecting increased personnel training or supply initiatives. The health care delivery system of today has undergone tremendous change, even over the relatively short period of the past decade. New and emerging technologies, including drugs, devices, procedures, tests, and imaging machinery, have changed patterns of care and sites where care is provided. The growth in ambulatory surgery has been influenced by improvements in anesthesia and analgesia and by the development of noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques. Procedures that formerly required a few weeks of convalescence now require only a few days. New drugs can cure or lengthen the course of disease, although often at increased cost or increased utilization of medical practitioners needed to prescribe and monitor the effects of the medications. Over the past decade, both public and private organizations have made great strides in identifying causes of disease and disability, discovering treatments and cures, and working with practitioners to educate the public about how to reduce the incidence and prevalence of major diseases and the functional limitations and discomfort they may cause. Clinical practice guidelines have been created and disseminated to influence providers to follow recommended practices. Public education campaigns urge consumers to comply with behavioral recommendations (e. g. , exercise and lose weight) and treatment regimens (e. g. , take your medications) that may help to prevent or control diseases and their consequences. Health care utilization also has evolved as the population’s need for care has changed over time. Some factors that influence need include aging, sociodemographic population shifts, and changes in the prevalence and incidence of different diseases. As the prevalence of chronic conditions increases, for example, residential and community-based health-related services have emerged that are designed to minimize loss of function and to keep people out of institutional settings. Aging The median age of the worlds population is increasing because of a decline in fertility and a 20-year increase in the average life span during the second half of the 20th century. These factors, combined with elevated fertility in many countries during the 2 decades after World War II (i. e. , the Baby Boom), will result in increased numbers of persons aged ;65 years during 20102030. Worldwide, the average life span is expected to extend another 10 years by 2050. The growing number of older adults increases demands on the public health system and on medical and social services. Chronic diseases, which affect older adults disproportionately, contribute to disability, diminish quality of life, and increased health- and long-termcare costs. Increased life expectancy reflects, in part, the success of public health interventions, but public health programs must now respond to the challenges created by this achievement, including the growing burden of chronic illnesses, injuries, and disabilities and increasing concerns about future caregiving and health-care costs. This report presents data from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations on U. S. and global trends in aging, including demographic and epidemiologic transitions, increasing medical and social costs related to aging, and the implications for public health. In the United States, the proportion of the population aged ;65 years is projected to increase from 12. 4% in 2000 to 19. 6% in 2030. The number of persons aged ;65 years is expected to increase from approximately 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030, and the number of persons aged ;80 years is expected to increase from 9. 3 million in 2000 to 19. 5 million in 2030. In 1995, the most populous states had the largest number of older persons; nine states (California, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) each had more than one million persons aged ;65 years. In 1995, four states had ;15% of their population aged ;65 years; Florida had the largest proportion (19%). By 2025, the proportion of Floridas population aged 65 years is projected to be 26% and 15% in 48 states (all but Alaska and California). The sex distribution of older U. S. residents is expected to change only moderately. Women represented 59% of persons aged 65 years in 2000 compared with an estimated 56% in 2030. However, larger changes in the racial/ethnic composition of persons aged 65 years are expected. From 2000 to 2030, the proportion of persons aged 65 years who are members of racial minority groups (i. e. , black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander) is expected to increase from 11. 3% to 16. 5%; the proportion of Hispanics is expected to increase from 5. 6% to 10. 9%. The world has experienced a gradual demographic transition from patterns of high fertility and high mortality rates to low fertility and delayed mortality (2). The transition begins with declining infant and childhood mortality, in part because of effective public health measures (2). Lower childhood mortality contributes initially to a longer life expectancy and a younger population. Declines in fertility rates generally follow, and improvements in adult health lead to an older population. As a result of demographic transitions, the shape of the global age distribution is changing. By 1990, the age distribution in developed countries represented similar proportions of younger and older persons. For developing countries, age distribution is projected to have similar proportions by 2030. People are living longer because of both lifestyle changes and advances in health care. For example fewer people smoke today than in the past. In the 1950’s more than half of men and a third of women smoked cigarettes. By 2005, those numbers were down to 23 percent of men and 19 percent of women. Thanks to major advances in medicine, fewer people die at an early age from heart disease and cancer. For example the five year cancer rate improved from 50 percent in the mid 70’s (1975-1977) to 66 percent at the turn of the 21 century (1996-2002). With increased longevity , Boomers will reach retirement age, have more years to enjoy it and , in turn , more years in need of health care services. Diabetes The number of Americans with diabetes is expected to rise from 30 million today to 46 million by 2030, when one of every four Boomers -14 million-will be living with the chronic disease. These diabetic Boomers will require continuous medical management in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Arthritis The number of Americans with arthritis is expected to rise from 46 million today to 67 million by 2030. At that point, nearly one out of every Boomers-over 26 million-will be living with the condition. While health risk of arthritis are not as great as other chronic illnesses, the decrease mobility arthritis can trigger will cause many Boomers to seek new alternative therapies, pain control treatments, exercise regimens and joint replacements. Obesity If Americas obesity trend continues at its current pace, all 50 states could have obesity rates above 44 percent by 2030 according to a new report from Trust for Americans’ Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. With current U. S. obesity rates holding steady around 35 percent thats one-third of Americans the 9-plus percent gain within two decades would be a significant increase; however, not as large of an increase as the nation has seen in the past two decades. While the health hazards are apparent the report projects double the number of new cases of obesity-related ailments like diabetes, heart disease hypertension by 2030 the increase in American obesity would also take a toll on the healthcare system itself. Current estimates put the medical costs of obesity at more than $147 billion. With increasing rates, the costs of preventative healthcare relating to obesity would rise by $48 billion to $66 billion in the next two decades. Many Americans arent very physically active. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to overweight and obesity. Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools. People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they dont burn the calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your risk for coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, and other health problems. Our environment doesnt support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages obesity. Some reasons include: (1) Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active. (2) Work schedules. People often say that they dont have time to be physically active because of long work hours and time spent commuting. (3) Oversized food portions. Americans are exposed to huge food portions in restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and even at home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people. Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isnt balanced with physical activity. (4) Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people dont live in neighborhoods that have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly. (5) Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do. Part of the reason for the rise in the obesity rate is the changing demographics of the U. S. population. The baby boomer generation is aging. With aging comes a decrease in activity. If you are less active, the calories you take in can mean the difference between being lean and being obese. It is all about a balance between diet and fitness. Biology also works against you. With the loss of muscle mass, you burn fewer calories. Menopause also sets up a scenario where women in this age bracket put on a few pounds. However, according to Mayo Clinic, you dont have to follow the path of age-related weight gain. You have control over your activity. If you stay active, you can maintain the balance between the fuel your muscles use and your caloric intake. Unfortunately, the media teaches people that being overweight is not something for which to be ashamed. However, being fat is not okay. It is unhealthy and not something that can be dealt with by trendy fashions or slimming panels. The only solution is to lose weight. Otherwise, you will likely fall prey to the health risks of those added pounds. They can take months or years off your life. Losing weight is not an option; it is a necessity. Health  » With the rise in heart disease and diabetes, the medical field has been forced to consider the main causes of obesity in America in order to halt the alarming trends of this health epidemic. If you are overweight or obese, it behooves you to find ways to get your weight under control in order to avoid the consequence of excessive weight. Part of the reason for the rise in the obesity rate is the changing demographics of the U. S. population. The baby boomer generation is aging. With aging comes a decrease in activity. If you are less active, the calories you take in can mean the difference between being lean and being obese. It is all about a balance between diet and fitness. Biology also works against you. With the loss of muscle mass, you burn fewer calories. Menopause also sets up a scenario where women in this age bracket put on a few pounds. However, according to Mayo Clinic, you dont have to follow the path of age-related weight gain. You have control over your activity. If you stay active, you can maintain the balance between the fuel your muscles use and your caloric intake. Unfortunately, the media teaches people that being overweight is not something for which to be ashamed. However, being fat is not okay. It is unhealthy and not something that can be dealt with by trendy fashions or slimming panels. The only solution is to lose weight. Otherwise, you will likely fall prey to the health risks of those added pounds. They can take months or years off your life. Losing weight is not an option; it is a necessity. The fact remains that fat tastes good. It gives you a satisfying feeling. It is the epitome of comfort food. If you want to lose weight, it is up to you to break the fat addiction, which is one of the main causes of obesity in America. At the simplest level, added weight makes your heart work harder. You may huff and puff going up the stairs or even walking across the room, if you lug around an extra 30 to 40 pounds. If you have tried to lift a heavy suitcase or other load that size, you know how difficult toting the added weight can be. Imagine carrying around that excess baggage 24/7. Obesity feeds upon itself. As you gain weight, it becomes more difficult to move around. Your muscles ache. You become easily fatigued. Your inactivity causes you to increase weight. This vicious cycle is one of the main causes of obesity in America. In order to overcome it, you must break this cycle of inactivity. Being obese increases your risk of several chronic health conditions including heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes The good news is that losing a small amount of weight can reduce your chances of developing heart disease or a stroke. If you are overweight, reducing your weight by 5%-10% is proven to decrease your chance of developing heart disease. Fortunately, even a modest weight loss of 10 to 20 pounds can bring significant health improvements, such as lowering ones blood pressure and cholesterol levels You can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes by losing weight, eating a balanced diet, getting adequate sleep, and exercising more. If you have type 2 diabetes, losing weight and becoming more physically active can help control your blood sugar levels. Increasing your physical activity may also allow you to reduce the amount of diabetes medication you need. Future There will be some very disruptive and some transformational changes in the way health care is delivered, not as a result of reform, but as a result of the drivers of change described in a previous post on KevinMD. com. They included an aging population, an obese society, shortages of doctors, and emerging consumerism, among others. There will be many more patients needing substantial levels of medical care. These won’t be just any patients but two specific groups that are growing rapidly. Americans are aging. â€Å"Old parts wear out† and there are certain diseases that become more prevalent with age like Alzheimer’s and osteoarthritis. And of course our society has many adverse lifestyles such as consuming too much of a non-nutritious diet, being sedentary, being chronically stressed and 20% still smoke. These all lead to chronic illnesses like diabetes type II, heart failure, cancer, chronic lung and kidney disease, etc. So there will many more individuals with chronic illnesses. The especially sad thing is that many of these individuals will be moderately young as a result of obesity since one third are overweight and another one third are frankly obese. This increase in chronic diseases and diseases of aging will have huge impacts on care delivery. Health care delivery will help obesity related issues by educating obese clients the proper diet and food intake and how important exercise to lose weight. The health team can discuss patients on the effect to the body . the serious disease that they can get being obesed. they can guide them in their food intake and control and help them lose weight. As for age related health issues- health teaching is the best way to inform patients to diseases that is related to age. The team can help them be aware and give them preventive measures for the age related diseases.

Essay --

Butler 1 Brian Butler Ms. Giblin December 20, 2013 Senior Seminar Childhood Obesity Is childhood obesity a serious problem? What causes childhood obesity? Who should take responsibility for childhood obesity? And how can childhood obesity be reduced? Childhood obesity is a medical condition for kids. Its a major problem in the US and has been for a few years. Several things have been done to lessen the sugars and fats in foods, but it still won’t be successful unless parents cut down on junk food. Not only does food cause obesity, but so does lack of exercise, lack of sleep, emotions, bullying, your environment, and depression. The terms obese and overweight are often used interchangeably, but healthy experts point out that technically there is a difference. Overweight refers to increased body weight relative to height based on some standard. People who are overweight may or may not have excess fat. Obesity is strictly defined as an excessive amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass. According to the American Obesity Association, when there is too much body fat, the result is obesity. Obesity is not a sign of a person being out of control. It is a serious medical disease that affects 14% of children in the US. Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability in adulthood (eMedicineHealth). It is the second leading cause of preventable death after smoking. AOA states that obesity fits all the medical definitions of a disease, such as "an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a bodily function, organ, or system." Obesity is an accumulation of excess fat and weight that occurs over time when a person takes in more calories than they expend. A calorie is a measure of heat. A calorie mea... ...can generate positive results and children continue to eat more healthfully, they will be less likely to acquire diseases associated with obesity. The earlier a child begins to learn healthy practices, the less likely he or she is to be a sick or obese adult. An increased number of healthy children can result in an increased number of those children becoming healthy adults. "Communities should increase access to food choices for a healthy diet, such as dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. They should also create a community that promotes physical activity for children and teenagers" (KET). "Initiatives by the food industry to reduce the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods and portion sizes, to increase introduction of innovative, healthy and nutritious choices, and to review current marketing practices could accelerate health gains worldwide" (AOA).

Realism and Metarealism in Mary Shelley’s Horror Tale Frankenstein

Many great novels act as representations of their age and time, and of the way in which people thought of themselves in relation to their world. Novels which are set in a particular place and time are generally involved with the major upheavals of their society, to some extent or other. The novel is capable of richly alluding to the general aspirations, perceptions, the general world-view as well as what people think they know about how the world they live in has come about.In this respect, for instance, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, which are seemingly poles apart in their style and content, serve a similar purpose: the former is concerned to evaluate the currents of change of its time as much as the latter is inspired by the revolutionary developments of knowledge of the contemporary world (Walder 135). Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (1818) certainly seems to be entirely derived from a dream or nightmare, something very un likely to have happened to somebody in real life.True, some novels can seem to be more fictitious than others, and Frankenstein had been a novel in fictional category of its own. With her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley, at the age of 20, in fact inadvertently invented a revolutionary whole new genre of fiction which hardly existed before her time, namely science fiction. In this sense, Frankenstein may not be representative of real life, and yet it was representative of an emerging new paradigm of scientific thinking in her time, during the first decades of the nineteenth century.Frankenstein is generally regarded as representative of over-the-top fiction, with man acting as God, dead bodies coming to life, monsters, murder and mayhem — yet we will here argue that there is a great degree of realism in this quintessential fantasy story of the early nineteenth century. The every-day realism in Frankenstein is deftly combined with elements of a prevalent genre called Gothic, w hich more suited Mary Shelley's soaring imaginings. For instance, in the Gothic novel, one story is often nestled within another and large sections of the narrative come out as a tale told by one character to another.In this and many other senses, Frankenstein follows many rules and conventions typical of the Gothic genre. At the core of the novel is the story told by the â€Å"creature† that exists within the story told by the scientist Frankenstein, which is within the story told by the explorer, Walton (Allen 63). Yet this is no regular horror tale. Though it certainly created one of the two enduring â€Å"monsters† of all time in English Fiction, this is not a monster tale in any real sense either.Frankenstein’s creature, though labeled a monster, cannot be considered a monster, with any true justification, on par with other popular monsters such as Dracula or Godzilla. Frankenstein’s creature is a noble savage, and if anything, is sometimes more huma n than most humans. For instance, in the most recent revival of Frankenstein’s creature on Hollywood Screen, he sides with the eponymous human protagonist, Van Helsing, to battle against Count Dracula and his forces of darkness. Frankenstein’s creature embodies the quintessential human spirit and human longings.In a similar way, though being part of the Gothic fantasy tradition, and the most significant harbinger of perhaps the most highly imaginative genre of fiction, besides referring to a Greek myth in its sub-title, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein embodies a little of the spirit, the longings and fears of her age. Frankenstein's 1818 preface makes a clear distinction between its scientific plot, which was inspired by the scientific leanings of the time, and the more easily recognized action in the vein of Gothic fiction: â€Å"I have not considered myself as merely weaving a series of supernatural terrors.The event on which the interest of the story depends is exempt from the disadvantages of a mere tale of spectres or enchantment. (Shelley 47)† In truth, Frankenstein's claim to originality lies in its defiant rejection of the supernatural (Alkon 2). Thus, though often regarded as a fabulous flight of fancy, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein contains a powerful dose of realism, as opposed to supernaturalism, symbolism, or pure fantasy, at its core. But much more importantly, for the first time in the history of literature, it seeks out a new scientifically based vision of reality.By attempting to transpose the status of creator from God to man, and the secularization of the means of creation from the realm of miracles to the arena of science (Levine 27), Frankenstein offered a drastically new way of looking at our world that is devoid of supernaturalism or fantasy. Thus Frankenstein is not only a product of what is known as â€Å"realistic imagination,† but presents a deeper understanding of reality more in keeping with the then ra ther newly emerging scientific mode of thinking.Terror remains a predominant element, an effect Mary Shelley avowedly sought to create, in the novel, yet it is by no means of a supernatural variety, as for instance in its counterpart Bram Stoker’s Dracula (or even Dracula’s progenitor Byron’s Vampyre which was incidentally created during the same occasion that spurred the creating of Frankenstein). The fright factor in the novel is implemented through natural means involving science and human psychology.Thus, although affiliated to the accepted Gothic norms and forms of creating a â€Å"ghost story,† Frankenstein's essential realism validates its claim to novelty. The fear that Frankenstein evokes is not one of a spooky, instinctive kind, but rather of more thoughtful and plausible nature. Frankenstein succeeds in inspiring awe and reverence for greatness of ambition, and yet at the same time instills a healthy level of fear and distrust of those who act on it rather blindly.The ambition of the novel’s protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, that of recreating a living intelligent human form, may seem fantastic to us, yet it was by no means wholly outlandish by the standards of the time, the early nineteenth century being an extravagantly ambitious era when literally almost everything was considered possible by means of science. Great ambitions can succeed in the realization of great dreams, but they can also result in bringing to life unspeakable nightmares.Thus, though Mary Shelley may have worked on to create a conspicuous element of stark horror merely for the sake of sensationalism, in conforming with the purposes of â€Å"ghost story† genre, the fears that Frankenstein gives expression to are more like warnings of consequences when great ambitions take a wrong track or are pursued without sufficient foresight. Alkon observes that: A looming problem for writers in the nineteenth century was how to achieve sublimity with out recourse to the supernatural†¦.The supernatural marvels that had been a staple of epic and lesser forms from Homeric times would no longer do as the best sources of sublimity. Although ghost stories and related Gothic fantasies were to prove surprisingly viable right through the twentieth century, perhaps because they offer respite from the omnipresence of technology, writers sought new forms that could better accommodate the impact of science. Epics were displaced by realistic novels of quotidian life (2). . Fantasy tales normally act as a means of escape from the tyranny of every-day reality.However the advent and advancement of modern science was making the routine world that we take for granted a place of exhilarating possibilities and endless adventure. There was no need for an escape from our familiar world to seek thrill, excitement and â€Å"sublimity† anymore. Science made our every-day world hot and happening. At the same time, the phenomenal progress and p romise of science was bound to raise many fears and concerns in the thinker and common man alike, then as much as now.Frankenstein reflects the dominant theme of a quest for adventure and accomplishment, along with hopes and fears about how far we are willing to go in our relentless pursuit of scientific accomplishment. A significant achievement of Frankenstein lies in the fact that it became a trend-setter in a movement that was to bring more style and substance based on considerations of real-life world into the art form of the novel.However the most sublime virtue of Mary Shelley’s novel is that it goes beyond even realism into the world of deeper and timeless truths about human existence. The subtitle of the novel, â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† says it all. In the summer of 1816, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin had been living with Percy Shelley for two years, going through ordeals and troubled times together. During this particular period they found themselves settled i n Geneva, amidst the natural splendor of Alps, as well as in the stimulating company of Bryon.The origins of Frankenstein can be traced back to the rambling night conversations between these three luminaries, which must have presumably ranged from gothic terrors to galvanism, touching upon the prevalent theories of electricity and the origin of life. However, the fact that the three of them were to compose a major work with Prometheus in or as the title, that very same year, is a clear indicator that the myth of Prometheus and its significance should have been one of the major topics of their conversations.The subtitle of the novel Frankenstein, alluding to the myth of Prometheus, indeed holds an essential clue as to the original intent and purport of the author (Joseph v). Metarealism, for our present purposes, can be defined as the externalization of interior realities that are transformed into mystical or mythological metaphors. In this sense, transcending the particular context of its contemporary time, Frankenstein becomes a myth and a metaphor for human existence and evolution as such.Prometheus is generally portrayed as the suffering champion of mankind, but in Mary Shelley’s novel, in the form of Victor Frankenstein, he becomes a creator. The vital spark of fire that Prometheus stole from gods to give it to mortals for their use, and for which he is eternally condemned, is often equated with the spark of creativity in humans. As expressed via the means of science, our creativity can exalt us to the status of gods; at the same time, there is an intrinsic danger that it can cast us into eternal perdition.Almost two hundred after impetuously and almost naively suggested by Mary Shelley, notwithstanding the realistic scientific garb she wanted to give it, the prospect of us humans creating synthetic and intelligent life would come very close to reality in the years to come, thanks not the miracles of electricity, as depicted in the novel, but to the marvels of genetic engineering. However, the murder and mayhem unleashed by Frankenstein’s creature could pale into utter insignificance when compared to the horrors that could be visited upon us by extremely advanced technologies of tomorrow, especially genetic engineering.The lot that fell upon Victor Frankenstein could in all probability be the fate of mankind in the near future. Mary Shelley attempted to make what was essentially a gothic fantasy sound closer to our real world, but most ironically, our real world is all poised to assume the weirdness and surrealism of a gothic fantasy if the â€Å"Victor Frankenstein† amidst us is allowed to experiment and pursue his scientific ambitions wantonly.Unfortunately, there does not seem any way to stop him, because stopping him would mean the ending of progress. Our own progress leading to our own perdition, perhaps that is the ultimate tragedy and horror of humankind. References: Alkon, Paul K. â€Å"Science Fiction B efore 1900: Imagination Discovers Technology. † London : Routledge. 2002 Allen, Richard. â€Å"Reading Frankenstein. † In, The Realist Novel, ed. Dennis Walder. pp. 61 -96. London : Routledge. 1995. Joseph, M. K. â€Å"Introduction.† Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 1969 Levine, George. â€Å"The Realistic Imagination: English Fiction from Frankenstein to Lady Chatterly. † Chicago : The University of Chicago Press. 1981 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. â€Å"Frankenstein† (Original 1818 Text). Peterborough, Ontario : Broadway Press. 1999 Walder, Dennis. â€Å"Reading Great Expectations. † In, The Realist Novel, ed. Dennis Walder. pp. 135 -166. London : Routledge. 1995.

Design and Critically Analyse International Marketing Essay

High marks will be awarded for work that demonstrates excellent understanding surrounding the key issues and a well structured systematic discussion. You are expected to have read widely around the subject area and have been able to integrate this reading to support your critical analysis. Please include evidence to support your discussion (e.g. academic papers, trade press, newspaper references, etc.). Additional Information: Articles in academic journals, or those suggested in the Readings, will cover the generic theories covered in the lectures, but will not provide you with detailed information on your chosen company/ brand. You are likely to find information on the specific companies/ brands on company websites, in the trade press, newspaper articles, etc. Before making a final choice about a company/ brand, be sure that you are able to collect enough information! Think in terms of the following: (1) how can you collect enough information and (b) how can you demonstrate that this information is reliable. Abstract†¦ The aim of this report is to find the ultimate market for Ferrari S.P.A. This task will initially start off with really basic screening processes to eliminate the obvious countries where there will be very little demand if any demand for this particular product. However when exploring deeper into this project, many complexities arise which encourages engaging in a more specific and detailed screening processors later on. In which this paper concludes that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1 Introduction†¦ Within this report its intentions are to find the most lucrative economy for Ferrari which they have yet to invest in. This will allow Ferrari to take advantage of that specific country by opening up a dealerships allowing them to be able to directly supply the market without the need to export and import the cars which can be expensive from both the business and the consumer via high transportation costs and tariffs/quotas. By doing this it will mean that Ferrari will increase their sale in that country as they will be more in the publics eye. Saudi Arabia car figures very good article: http://academic.reportlinker.com/d013032223/The-Saudi-Arabian-Passenger-Car-Sector-Key-Market-Figures.html Very good website showing Ferrari dealerships http://www.ferrari.com/English/Dealers/Pages/Dealer_Locator.aspx

The Influenza Outbreak of 1918 essays

The Influenza Outbreak of 1918 essays The Influenza Outbreak of 1918 killed thousands of Americans and millions of humans around the world. The outbreak killed ten times more people than the Great War, also known as World War One. Influenza was also known as the Spanish Flu or La Grippe. The name Spanish Flu came from immense casualties in Spain, where 8 million in May alone were killed. In any language, the disease was a global disaster. Across the globe, the influenza started as a benign common cold. This influenza virus was unusual because it did not affect the elderly and young children. Twenty to forty year olds were infected most. The average life span in America depleted ten years because of this flu. The death rate of fifteen to thirty-four year olds of influenza and pneumonia were twenty times higher than in previous years. Symptoms of the flu included cough, nasal problems, sore throat, burning eyes, fever, muscular pain, and inflammation of the mucous membrane (usually the nose) consisting of a watery discharg e. Those ill with influenza would rapidly develop a bad case of pneumonia and struggle for air until they died of trying to clear their airways of blood that extinguished from their nose and mouth. The influenza outbreaks occurred often in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Brazil, South Pacific, and India. The pandemic was believed to have begun in early March 1918 because soldiers at Fort Riley, Kansas burned large amounts of manure. Two days after the burning of manure the first soldier at Fort Riley reported feeling sick. Then, forty-eight soldiers at Fort Riley died of a listed cause of pneumonia. The virus also followed soldiers that moved to Europe and diffused from whichever area they had been moved. The first large outbreak appeared in early spring of 1918 in military camps throughout the United States. The second outbreak was found in Boston of September 1918 where the ports were full of shipments with su...

The Importance Of The Political Philosophy For The State And Society Essay

The Importance Of The Political Philosophy For The State And Society - Essay Example States have long used enemies as a justification for their existence (IE population will support them for supposed protection from an enemy). Hardt and Negri’s book Empire, argues that the modern state has shifted its definition of the enemy from traditional ones, such as ideology (IE Communism) or state (for instance during European wars), to a violator of law - states manufacture the enemy as a sort of criminal (83). States have thus maneuvered themselves into a situation where any opposition to the state represents a deviant nature and something that the state has an obligation to address. In Hardt and Negri’s understanding, the enemies of the state are no longer extramural – they are in fact by definition within the state, a part of the state structure. This differs from classical neoliberal understandings of Empire, which address Empire building through expansion beyond borders, especially in an economic sense. In interpreting the quotation â€Å"Hitherto the philosophers have only interpreted the world: the point, however, is to transform it,† it is important to remember the origin of philosophy as a tradition of knowledge. Philosophy started as a form of ancient science – before standards of experimentation, testability and so on were developed, philosophers attempted to use reason to form a better understanding of the world around them. Modern science has since taken up much of the challenge of interpreting the world, by using a structured system of logic and experimentation to build causal relationships between physical phenomenon. Science has thus continually eroded the traditional realm of philosophy, especially once it started addressing the state of the human mind through neuroscience.

Benjamin franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benjamin franklin - Essay Example The website ushistory.org is published by the Independence Hall Association (IHA) which is a non-profit organization in Philadelphia. All their sites are copyrighted and they give historical details of famous people and facts of history. Through this website they have projected Franklin’s struggles in early life and how he managed to get into the printing business. His endeavor and experiments as a scientist have also been portrayed apart from his interest in politics. He not only served the United States while living there but even for 18 years he lived in England as a colonial representative. This demonstrates his loyalty to his nation. The websites concentrates on the international fame that electricity and lightning brought to Franklin. This is basically a quick biography and the intended audience is high school students or first timers who are not much aware about Franklin. The website gives information that England was far ahead of America during that period although cor ruption in politics and royal circles in England did disturb him. America had strained relations even with France and Franklin was responsible for the Treaty of Paris. The second website has collected details from the Encyclopedia Britannica. This website highlights Franklin as a person, an individual, as a child, his youth, his successes and achievements and his dedication to public service. This site also highlights critics of Franklin, his contemporaries who thought he was a fraud. His early life has been mentioned but no details of his struggles as in the previous website have been given. This website also highlights him as a philanthropist who founded academies and societies for the benefit of the society. He had an early start in politics and this website gives more details of his political involvement in England. The intended audience would be the casual readers or high school children to familiarize themselves with the life and times of Franklin. The purpose of this